Vestibular Disease in Dogs & Cats (Vertigo)
Introduction to the Vestibular System & Vestibular Disease in Pets
The vestibular system in animals, much like in humans, is responsible for maintaining balance. When this system isn’t functioning properly, it can cause dizziness (vertigo), which may manifest as a head tilt, rapid eye movements (nystagmus), difficulty standing or walking, and nausea. These are common signs of vestibular disease in dogs and cats.
In pets, the vestibular system is located in two key areas: the inner ear and the central nervous system, specifically the brain. Vestibular dysfunction in either of these areas can cause similar symptoms, especially early on, which is why a veterinary exam is important to help determine whether the cause is more likely ear-related or brain-related.
Symptoms of Vestibular Disease
The following are common symptoms of vestibular disease (vertigo) in dogs and cats, which often causes loss of balance and difficulty walking. If you notice new symptoms or a worsening of existing symptoms in your pet, it’s important to consult with your veterinary team or a veterinary neurologist.
Head tilt
Circling
Leaning, falling, or rolling
Abnormal eye positioning (strabismus)
Rapid, involuntary eye movements, (nystagmus)
Conditions That Cause Vestibular Disease in Dogs & Cats
Vestibular symptoms in dogs and cats can come from the inner ear or the brain, and early signs can look similar. The conditions below are some of the most common causes of vestibular disease (vertigo) in pets.
Idiopathic Vestibular Disease (Old Dog Vestibular Syndrome)
Common in older dogs and occasionally in cats of any age, this condition causes sudden vestibular symptoms that typically resolve within two to three weeks without treatment. If your pet’s condition does not improve or worsens after the first day, further diagnostics are necessary, as the issue may not be idiopathic vestibular disease.
Ear Infections (Inner Ear / Peripheral Vestibular Disease)
Deep ear infections are a frequent cause of vestibular symptoms. Your veterinarian will conduct an ear exam, which might require sedation for thoroughness, especially in pets with chronic ear issues. Advanced imaging, such as CT or MRI, may be needed for diagnosis. Treatment involves medication, either oral or applied directly into the ear, and can take one to two months. In some cases, surgery may be required. Underlying conditions like food allergies or respiratory issues might also need treatment.
Ear Infections (Inner Ear / Peripheral Vestibular Disease)
Deep ear infections are a frequent cause of vestibular symptoms. Your veterinarian will conduct an ear exam, which might require sedation for thoroughness, especially in pets with chronic ear issues. Advanced imaging, such as CT or MRI, may be needed for diagnosis. Treatment involves medication, either oral or applied directly into the ear, and can take one to two months. In some cases, surgery may be required. Underlying conditions like food allergies or respiratory issues might also need treatment.
Other Ear Problems
Conditions such as ear tumors, toxins in the ear, or ear trauma can also lead to vestibular symptoms. Diagnosis may involve an ear exam and advanced imaging.
Strokes (Brain / Central Vestibular Disease)
Sudden loss of blood flow to the brain (a stroke) can cause rapid onset of vestibular signs but often improves over time. Underlying conditions like high blood pressure or protein loss need to be addressed for optimal long-term outcomes. Diagnosis may involve blood and urine tests, blood pressure measurement, abdominal ultrasound, and potentially an MRI.
Other Brain Problems
Brain tumors, infections, and autoimmune diseases can cause similar vestibular symptoms. These conditions are generally more serious and may require advanced diagnostic testing, such as an MRI or a spinal tap (CSF analysis). Treatability varies depending on the specific condition.
Practical Care Tips for Dogs & Cats with vertigo
These home care tips for vestibular disease (vertigo) in dogs and cats can help prevent injury while your pet is dizzy or unsteady:
Prevent falls by keeping your pet off furniture and away from stairs until they regain stability.
Confine your pet to a small, safe space (bathroom or crate) if they are severely affected.
Use old towels or pillows to prop and cushion your pet for comfort.
Use a harness or sling (such as those available at helpemup.com) to support pets that cannot walk or are losing balance.